Are leaders like Osama bin Laden and Moammar Qadaffi the causes of Islamic rage against the West, or merely symptoms of a deep dysfunctionality? As we watch events unfold in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and throughout the Islamic world, we must remain open to both possibilities. If they are the cause--as many in the Obama Administration seem to believe--then the world will be a better place as new leadership leads quickly to openness, tolerance, productivity, peace, and prosperity throughout the Islamic world. If they are merely an effect, however, the removal of these leaders, while an unquestionable good in its own right, is more likely to be but one small step in a long, hard slog.